Nyamonge Muhenga Kenya2026-08-052026-08-052026-08-03https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/20.500.14820/7877Journal ArticleRural-urban migration represents a fundamental demographic transformation shaping developing economies, yet limited empirical evidence exists on how male outmigration transforms left-behind women’s participation in productive activities within semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa where climate vulnerability compounds livelihood stressors.enRural-urbanmigrationLeft-behind womenMale outmigrationParticipationProductive activitiesMale outmigration and women's empowerment in rural Tanzania: unpacking transformation of household participation in productive activities in Kondoa districtArticle