Lalika, Makarius C.S.Meire, PatrickNgaga, Yonika M.2021-05-202021-05-202015978-3-319-14214-2https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/3544Book chapter 4 of Conflict Resolution in Water Resources and Environmental Management. pp. 63-79Human beings depend on the integrity of watersheds to provide ecosys- tem services (e.g., water) that they need for their survival. The current watershed degradation represents the most serious threat to the provision of watershed ser- vices. The worldwide demand for integrated approaches to provide solutions to water flow reduction represents a significant shift towards management focussed on the sustained use of water catchment areas. This paper reports the findings of a study that was carried out to explore the potential for paying for the management of watershed areas in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Site visits enabled the collection of hydrological data, and documented reviews and structured question- naires were used to collect socioeconomic data. MS Excel was applied in drawing figures. We found that the minimum and maximum quantities of water discharge were 11,300,365 and 15,839,833 m 3 and 7,787,600 and 8,602,361 m 3 in Arusha and Moshi, respectively. Similarly, the minimum and maximum revenue collec- tions from water users were €987,766, 60 and €1,659,160, 71; and €920,916, 40 and €1,456,075, 49 as projections and actual revenue collection, respectively. We conclude that water supply problems are caused by watershed degradation and obsolete water infrastructures. We recommend the integration of payment for watershed conservation approaches into watershed management to enhance sus- tainable water flow.enWatershed degradationWater flowEcosystem servicesForest coverConservationBook chapter