Obadiah Ndeng’anyiso Msaki2026-03-192026-03-192010https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/20.500.14820/7441DissertationA study to estimate prevalence of non-compliance with the WHO International Code and Tanzania National Regulations (NRs) for Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and Designated Products was conducted in seven selected health care facilities and 10 infant food retail outlets in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro urban centres. A multi-site cross- sectional questionnaire-based survey/interview was used. The study showed that both the NRs and the Code were violated in all health care facilities and retail outlets. Majority of health workers (87.8%) were not aware of the existence of the Code. Only 12.2% health workers across surveyed districts were aware of the NRs. Across the districts the health care service was the most common source (64%) of free or subsidized samples of Breast- milk Substitutes (BMS) received by pregnant women and mothers, in contravention of Article 7.4 of the Code. About three quarters (72.2%) of pregnant women and 61.1% mothers had not been counselled about infant feeding. It was found that 35 BMS and designated products violated one or more of the provisions of the Code and NRs. Over half (57.1%) of the products that violated the Code recommended inappropriate ages of introduction; 45.7% had no labelling information that the product should be used only on advice of health worker; 54.3% had no warning against health hazards of inappropriate use; 91.4% carried pictures, drawings, or text idealizing use of the product. The Government has an obligation to ensure that legislation is accompanied by effective awareness-raising, training, information, implementation and monitoring systems to guide practices of health professionals. Control of infant foods trade in the East African Community and Southern Africa Development Community needs to be harmonized and coordinated to enhance effective implementation of the Code and the NRs and subsequent improvement in infant and young child feeding practices in East Africa and Tanzania.enBreastfeedingHuman MilkEarly infant foodsThesis