Safety and quality of organically grown cloves (syzigium aromaticum) and black pepper (piper nigrum l.) in Tawa Ward, Morogoro-Tanzania
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Date
2019
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Abstract
Participatory Action Research approach was used in this study involving organic spice
farmers from Tawa Ward within Morogoro region, researchers from Sokoine University
of Agriculture and Sustainable Agriculture Tanzania organization. Harvesting and post-
harvest handling practices by clove and black pepper organic farmers in Tawa Ward were
assessed. Five villages were visited, 107 organic farmers were interviewed, 34 among
them inspected and provided samples for analysis. Fungal quality in association to post-
harvest practices and moisture content was evaluated. Average moisture content was
18.7% (clove) and 12.3% (black pepper) in dry weight basis. It was observed that,
farmers use experience and color change to determine moisture content and therefore fail
to achieve the recommended moisture content of 12% as per Tanzania Bureau of
Standards. Farmers in this study practices mixed farming in farm sizes of less than 5
hectares and harvest less than 100 kg of spices annually. However, poor drying and
storage methods, mixing spice batches and attempts to treat spoiled spices were noticed as
critical points that compromises safety and quality. Fungi were isolated by using spread
plating method in PDA and V8 medias. Fungi identification were based on macro and
microscopic characteristics. Black pepper samples were found to be contaminated by
Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium and Fusarium fungal species at level of 2200 - >
30 000 cfu/g. Clove sample were contaminated by Aspergillus and Rhizopus species at
level of 100-60°C
fu/g in 46% of the samples. Longer storage time and mixing spices
with previous batches during storage showed higher influence on level of fungal
contamination. Also, this study measured levels of three heavy metals; Lead, Cadmium
and Chromium in the spice samples. Levels of all three metals were found to be below
permissible levels with average of 0.32±0.22mg/kg (Lead), 0.14±0.06mg/kg (Cadmium)
and 0.33±0.16 mg/kg (Chromium). Detection of Lead in 10% of the sample was highly related to poor storage. This study recommends improvement in post-harvest handling
approaches in order to ensure safety of the spices from Tawa Ward.
Description
M.Sc. Dissertation
Keywords
Organic spices farmers, Tawa Ward, Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Organic pepper, Syzigium aromaticum, Piper nigrum l., Organic Clove