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Sokoine University of Agriculture  Institutional Repository (SUA IR). This repository was built and is maintained by the university library  (Sokoine National Agricultural Library-SNAL) , in order to collect, preserve and disseminate scholarly output generated by University research community (staff and students) members.

This repository hosts a variety of openly accessible materials including: scholarly articles and books, theses and dissertations, conference proceedings and technical reports. For assistance about depositing your research output in the repository click here. SUA IR Policy  click here or any queries contact us at snal@sua.ac.tz.

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Recent Submissions

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Contribution of solid waste management enterprises towards women’s income at household level: a case of Morogoro municipality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2013) Yarumba Mariam
This study presents findings on contribution of Solid Waste Management Enterprises (SWMEs) towards women’s income at household’s level in Morogoro Municipality. The overall objective of the study was to assess contribution of SWMEs towards women’s income at household level. The specific objectives were; firstly to identify SWMEs undertaken by women in the study area; secondly to asses contribution of SWMEs towards women’s income, thirdly to determine contribution of women’s income at household expenditure on food, clothes and shelter. Fourthly to identify challenges that women are facing by involving to the SWMEs in Morogoro Municipality. Cross sectional research design was adopted. Structured questionnaires with open and close ended questions were used to collect primary information from a sample size of ninety (90) respondents. The research involved women from CBOs, NGOs and PPP SWMEs cleanliness groups. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Descriptive Statistics i.e. means, frequencies and percentage were computed. The study findings show that SWMEs contributed about Tsh 50 000 - 100 000 per month to women’s household expenditure. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using F-test was used to find significance differences of women’s income expenditure pattern among three SWMEs at 5% levels. House hold expenditure pattern was statistically significant different in food but not statistically significant different in shelter and clothes within SWMEs at 5% levels. Access to credit and training were among major challenges for development of economic activities undertaken by women in the study area. Development agencies were recommended to recognize Income Generating Activities (IGAs) undertaken by women in rural and urban areas hence, to formulate policy that provides priorities for women to enhance accessing economic resources.
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Assessment of nutritional status and care of HIV/AIDS cared in homes: a case study of Ilula Kilolo district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2005) Saga, Grey
Orphans may be al increased risk of becoming malnourished probably due to inadequate attention or care. This study was conducted to compare the nutritional status and care of AIDS-orphans and non-orphans aged 0-15 years at Hula Kilolo district in Iringa region Tanzania. A total of 100 households were visited, 40 households affected and 60 non- affectcd households. Affected households were puq^osively selected from a list of pilot Hospice care program of Hula Health Center while non-affectcd households were randomly selected. AIDS orphans were purposively selected while non-orphans were randomly selected. A total of 120 children were recruited for the study, 60 AIDS orphans and (i(> non-orphans. Wcighl-for-huight, Weight-for-age. Height-lbr age and BMI-for-age were computed from anthropometric measurements. The results of the study indicated that 63.3% of orphans were double orphans and 28.3% and 8.3% were paternal and maternal orphans respectively. Among orphans caregivers 55% were grandparents most of them being unemployed and widows. Affected households were more disadvantaged in terms of food security than non-affectcd and that most of these households had no support from relatives, the government or other organizations. There was no difference in key nutritional indicators and the mean Z-score for children under the age of 10 years were not statistically different. The difference in the proportion of acute malnourished children between orphans and non-orphans was not statistically different at 5% level of significance (P 0.4155). These results suggest that the nutritional status of surviving AIDS-orphans cared for by members of extended family in homes is not different from that of non- orphans. However immediate follow up studies arc required after the death of parents so as to determine the impact of parents loss on children who might not survive the death of their parents as the proportion of under five deaths among orphans was significant p = 0.001.
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Origin and characteristics of salt affected soils in Mafiga - Chamwino lowland area Morogoro - Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Kaboni, Elmens L.
Salt affected soils is a major problem limiting crop growth in majority of the flood plains in Tanzania, the Mafiga-Chamwino lowland in Morogoro district being one of them. A detailed study was conducted to investigate the distribution and characteristics of salt affected soils in the Mafiga-Chamwino lowland in Morogoro district. The objectives were characterisation, classification and mapping the extent of distribution of salts; determination of spatial distribution of salts and corresponding crop performance; and investigation of the sources of salt accumulation. Distribution of different types of soils was studied by carrying out grid survey at 50 m spacing while the spatial distribution of salts and the corresponding crop performance was done at 10 m spacing. The corresponding maps were drawn at a scale of 1:10 000 and 1:1 000 respectively. Detailed laboratory characterization was done on the salt affected soils, surface and ground waters as well as rocks from the weathering front. Four- types of soils: Gleyic Solonchak, Chromic Luvisols, Gleyic Luvisols and Sodic Solonchak exist in the studied area. These were categorized as saline soil, intergrade between sodic and normal soil, sodic soil and saline-sodic soil respectively. The calcium-magnesiumand sodium-calcium types of cation salinization, and sodium carbonate-chloride anion types of salinization dominated in the soils. Large variations of salinity and alkalinity accompanied by corresponding rice crop performance occurred at a short distance in the area studied. Leaching from the weathering of the dominating basic rocks in the vicinity of the study area accounts for the salinization of both surface and ground waters. These waters are the primary source of salts in the soils. Fluctuation of the ground water determines salt distribution in the soil solum. Each of the four soils requires a different approach in order to control salt problems.
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Development of the intestinal tract lymphatic system in goats
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1989) Assey, Remmy John
Gross and microscopic studies of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes (MLN) were performed on ten fifteen 3 months old kids and fifteen 8-12 months old goats. Morphological changes of the intestinal tract lymphatic system with age, the relationship of morpholo­ gical changes between and within intestinal lymphoid organs in particular the Peyer's patches and the MLN during growth, possible role of the Peyer's patches in the immune system of the caprine and lymph flow from the intestine were studied. Kids were born with an average of 35 histologically mature Peyer's patches in the jejunum (Jejunal Peyer's patches-JPP) which ranged in size from five follicles to 4.5 cm. long patches. A long Peyer's patch whose width was not uniform was also found in newborn kids. j e j unum It was broader caudally and it extended from the to the ileocecocolic junction (Jejunal-Ileal Peyer's Patch-JIPP). The average length of the JIPP was 0.83 m. Two round Peyer's patches were found in the colon (Colon Peyer's Patches - CPP ). The Peyer's patches were present on 17% of the intestine length. The shape of the follicles and the interfollicular area breadth were different in the JPP, JIPP and CPP. Interepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) number on domes decreased from cranial end to caudal end of the intestine. The trend was not observed on the villi epithelium. Intestinal tract villi epithelial cells in kids which had not suckled were columnar and had their nuclei in the apices. In average newborn kids had 5(1— 10) jejunal, 1 (1 - 3) Their total ileocecocolic and 3 (2 - 6) colic lymph nodes. was 0.11% of post-slaughter animal body weight corrected weight for stomach compartments weight. The MLN were immature. Wi thin twelve hours after birth and colostrum ingestion, secondary lymphoid nodules appeared on the MLN. At three months age, kids had about 38 JPP with size ranging from five follicles to patches 5.4 cm. long. The width of the JIPP was also not uniform, and it was 1.4 tn. long. There were 2 Peyer's patches were present on about 18% of the intestinal CPP. length. There were 3 (1 - 9) jejunal, 1 (1 - 2) ileocecocolic and 3 (2 - 5 ) colic lymph nodes. Their total weight was 0.29% of the post-slaughter animal body weight corrected for stomach compart- ments weight. The MLN were histologically mature. Goats of 8 - 12 months age had about 33 JPP and 2 CPP. In a single observation, three snail patches were found in the cecum. JIPP had grossly atrophied and measured about 1.5 m. in length. Peyer's patches were present on about 13% of the intestine length. There were 5 (1 - 12) jejunal, 2 (1 - 4) ileocecocolic and 4 (2 - 5 ) colic lymph nodes. Their total weight was 0.16% of the post-slaughter animal body weight corrected for stomach compartments weight. mature. The MLN were histologically There was a general trend of a decrease of IEL number on the demes and villi from cr«iiial end to caudal end of the intestinal tract. Domes epithelia were columnar and had a mean of 1.2 + 0.3, 1.8 + 0.5 and 0.2 + 0.1 goblet cells per dome in the newborn, 3 IEL nunber on months and 8-12 months old goats, respectively. dome and villi showed a general increase with age. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the means of the JPP number of the three age groups.There was also no significant correlation neither betweenlength of Peyer's patches and intestine length nor between MLN and body weights. There was no significant difference ( P >0.05) between the proportion of intestine on which the Peyer's patches were present in newborn and 3 months old kids, while there was significant difference ( P < 0.05) between these two months old group. groups and the 8-12 There was significant difference (P < 0.05) between the means of the MLN weight of the three age groups and there was also significant difference (P < 0.05 ) between the means of MLN-body weight proportion of the three age groups. The JPP, JIPP and CPP had a common character of being histologically mature at birth, but differed in their follicular histology and life history. The JPP follicles were short, broad and pear-shaped, had large interfollicular areas and did not show signs of atrophy with age. The JIPP follicles were cylindrical or sac-shaped and atrophied with age like the thymus and avian Bursa of Fabricius. The atrophy of the JIPP started at the mid portion of the patch. Similarity between the caprine JIPP and the avian Bursa of Fabricius with regard to their prenatal maturation, their proximity to the gut and their postnatal involution is compatible with the assumption that the caprine JIPP is the equivalent of the avian Bursa Fabricii. A bean-shaped jejunal lymph node cdudaily located on the group chain was found in three out of seven animals. The node with the single ileocecocolic node drained the JIPP. Efferent from the bean-shaped jejunal node joined efferent of the ileoce­ cocolic lymph node and the vessel formed joined the efferent of the colic lymph nodes to form the colic trunk. In three animals, efferents of one or two colic lymph nodes drained into the ileocecocolic lymph node. The colic trunk confluenced with the jejunal trunk to form the intestinal trunk which emptied into the cisterna chyli. Goats did not have visceral trunk.
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Growing rice under stressed water availability: an economic evaluation of irrigation technologies in Kilombero sub-basin
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024) Komba, Martin Emmanuel
Growing rice in Tanzania’s major basins is threatened by climate change impacts. It is projected that rice yield will fall by 7.6% in these major basins in aggregate. Climate change impacts in Tanzania’s major basins including Kilombero sub-basin (KSB) which is the biggest feeder of Rufiji basin is attributed to increasing temperature which accelerates surface evaporation. There is also increased water demand due expanding agriculture, influx of livestock and water for hydropower generation. Climate change impacts and increasing water demand in the sub-basin have called for planned and sustainable use of water. One of the implemented techniques is the new adaptive rice growing technologies. Irrigation technologies like traditional flooding irrigation technology (TFIT) for rice farming that exposes water to surface evaporation is no longer a viable adaptation technology for growing rice under stressed water availability from scientific point of view. Alternatively, the system of rice intensification (SRI) irrigation has recently been encouraged in KSB by the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) to reduce water loss through surface evaporation through controlled water usage. However, 90% of rice irrigable land in KSB is still under flooding irrigation which is inefficient in use of water. From literature there is enough evidence in agronomic point of view that SRI irrigation is more water use efficient than TFIT but information on their economic efficiency at household level especially in KSB is not readily available. This study was conducted in Kilombero district to evaluate the profitability of TFIT and SRI irrigation technologies and the determinants of profitability of the two irrigation technologies and; factors that determine the choice of rice irrigation technology in KSB. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interview (KIIs) and household survey that involved 100 households. The study used farm budget method to evaluate profitability (Net Revenue) of rice produced under SRI and TFIT. From Net Revenue (NR) obtained, profitability determinants were evaluated using multiple linear regressions. This represented first published paper on the economics of the irrigation technologies. Furthermore, this study used the reduced household model to evaluate factors that motivate farming households to decide on the type of rice irrigation technology and allocation of production resources between the two technologies in situ SRI and TFIT which is the second published paper. The findings from first published paper (on economics of SRI irrigation and TFIT) have shown that on average rice production costs per acre are TZS 471 572.5 and 248 939.9 for SRI and TFIT respectively. Also, the study found that on average farming households practicing SRI and TFIT produce 1268 and 608 Kgs of threshed rice respectively per acre. Adding on that the average NR per acre under TFIT and SRI were TZS 902 236 and 1 276 841 respectively, indicating that SRI irrigation was more profitable than TFIT. Despite being more profitable, the findings have shown that SRI is more labour intensive than TFIT; a farming household practicing SRI needs to supply an average of 23 man-days per acre per season while a household practicing TFIT has to supply 14 man-days per acre per season. On one hand, the study found that farming experience, farm size, fertilizer application, agricultural supporting services like capital assistance and high frequency of extension visits positively and statistically influenced the profitability of both SRI and TFIT but differed in magnitudes for example each increment in extension visit caused a TZS 169 000 increase in SRI compared to TZS 101 000 in TFIT ceteris paribus. One of the notable recommendations from the findings is that the subsidization to industrial fertilizers is the viable option by the MoA to benefit rice farmers who irrigate using SRI principles and traditionally. Also increasing extension officers is important especially in areas found with inadequacy like Sululu.