Bioactivity potential of extracts from synadenium glaucescens pax (Euphorbiaceae)
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Date
2013
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Publisher
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Abstract
The bioactivity of Synadenium glaucescens (Pax) extracts was studied in order to
advance the knowledge that would enhance the utilization and commercialization of
the plant. Participatory and questionnaire survey methods were used to establish
ethnobotanical uses of the plant. Extracts from leaves, roots and stem samples were
obtained using cold and hot extraction techniques. Brine shrimp test was involved for
cytotoxicity studies. Using an in ovo method, extracts were tested against three
viruses of veterinary importance. The agar well diffusion method and minimum
inhibitory concentration were used to determine antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Soxhlet extraction technique was used for optimization studies and GC-MS and
HPLC for phytochemical screening.
A total of 220 respondents were interviewed and majorities (94%) were aware of
ethnomedical value of S. glaucescens. Twenty six uses were documented. Leaves
and roots were the parts mostly used for ethnomedical purposes and grandparents
were responsible for knowledge transfer. The cytoxicity test indicated LC50 values
less than 30pg/ml for all extracts. More than 50% of the extracts prevented deaths,
deformation and formation of pox lesions in embryos challenged with Infectious
bursal disease virus and Fowl Pox virus at 0.2 mg/ml, without affecting the host
cells. The extracts inhibited multiplication of Newcastle Disease virus at lowest
concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Treatment with ethanolic extracts from the root bark
resulted into higher antiviral activity against the three viral particles. Extracts from
hot extraction showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the
extracts from cold extraction. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive to extracts than the Gram negative bacteria. Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans were
the most sensitive bacteria and fungus respectively. Ethanol extracts demonstrated
higher antibacterial and antifungal activity than other solvent extracts. Higher
extraction yields were obtained within 4 hours of extraction at 30°C for
dichloromethane and 75°C for ethanol and particles size of 1 mm. Dichloromethane
and ethanolic extracts were composed of triterpenoids and polyphenolic compounds
respectively.
These findings demonstrate the potential and the feasibility of using 5. glaucescens
extracts for treatment of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. Furthermore, it validates
the ethnobotanical uses at community level.
Description
Keywords
Bioactivity, Potential of extracts from Synadenium, Cytotoxicity studies., Phytochemical screening., Glaucescens pax (Euphorbiaceae)