Theses and Dissertations Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/1004
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Browsing Theses and Dissertations Collection by Subject "Adaptive capacity"
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Item Changing livelihoods and adaptive capacity of Agro-pastoralists evicted from Ihefu in Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Msigwa, Given BenethThere are numerous incidences of impoverishment and livelihood change in pastoral societies following transformation in land use and ownership and their livelihoods. Both in theory and practice, pastoral production has demonstrated flexibility in adapting to different risks. This study sought to investigate the changing livelihoods and adaptive capacity of the agro-pastoralists evicted from Ihefu Basin in Mbarali District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to: (i) Examine the planning and implementation modalities of resettling pastoralists; (ii) Assess stakeholders’ perception of and attitudes towards the eviction process; (iii) Investigate what changes took place in the livelihoods of pastoralists as a result of resettlement; (iv) Examine the livelihood strategies used by agro-pastoralists to adapt to resettlement areas; and (v) Analyze the determinants of agro-pastoralists’ adaptive capacity in the resettlement areas. Structured Questionnaires, life histories, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data from a sample of 176 respondents. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software version 16. Descriptive and inferential analysis (Chi-square, t-test and ANOVAs and F-test) were conducted. Developed indexes were used to examine livelihood changes and adaptive capacity of the resettled pastoralists. The results indicated that the government and its institutions had insufficient preparation plans to accomplish pastoralists’ resettlement process. This led to the majority of resettled pastoralists having a negative attitude to the whole eviction process. The results further revealed that there were positive changes in the livelihoods majority of resettled agro-pastoralists. The majority of resettled agro-agro-pastoralists adopted different adaptive strategies and were able in accessing several livelihood capitals and institutional process. Such capabilities were considered to be good adaptive capacity. Availability of good pastures and water, different skills, culture and traditions, government and institutions were noted to be important in enhancing adaptive capacity of resettled agro-pastoralists. The study recommends that in order to enhance the livelihoods and adaptive capacity of resettled agro-pastoralists; policy and decision-makers should revisit the planning and implementation modalities for resettling agro-pastoralists. Infrastructure such as rural roads, water supply, schools, extension and veterinary services and marketing information should be improved.Item Pastoral adaptive capacity in the changing climate in Kilosa district(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Zakayo, RachelKilosa District is the district in Morogoro Region that has been affected by climate change for many years. This study assessed the pastoral adaptive capacity in the changing climate in Kilosa District. Both simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to obtain sample. Qualitative data were collected using key informant interview, Focus group discussions and field observation, while quantitative data were collected using household questionnaire survey. Analysis of qualitative data was done using content analysis technique, while quantitative data were analyzed using Excel SPSS computer software. The result revealed that there is a significant shift of rainfall in the study area which started to manifest in 1972-1974 leading to change of rainfall pattern from bimodal to unimodal. The trend in current decades has been consistent with climate change scenarios, with lower rainfall and more frequent, and severe droughts most pastoralists were aware of climate change impacts and how to overcome the problems. The results show that climate change lead to water scarcity, disease to livestock and increased distance to the grazing land Pastoralists have started adapting to climate change by migrating, diversifying to other economic activities such as crop farming and business. Some were reducing the number of livestock as well as using improved breeds. Various institution played important roles in ensuring the sustainability of natural resources, such as setting a grazing land (Olailili as named in Maasai language) to be used during dry season. Some construct charco dams “lambo” for water harvesting. This study recommends that the community should diversify to other economic activities so that they can earn income rather than relying on livestock while climatic condition is not favorable and the government of Tanzania should put more effort on training and advocating pastoral to use high breed animal to avoid overgrazing also regular review of policies.