Browsing by Author "Tarimo, A. K. P. R."
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Item Contribution of Paddy Production to Household Income in Farmer-Managed Irrigation Scheme Communities in Iringa Rural and Kilombero Districts, Tanzania(Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2018-05-09) Mosha, D. B.; Vedeld, P.; Katani, J. Z.; Kajembe, G. C.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.Irrigation reduces risks involved in agriculture and enables farming throughout the year. Improved irrigation systems enhance access to irrigation water. However, most smallholder farmers continue to use traditional irrigation schemes as if the difference in water use and crop yields between the two is insignificant. It seems essential to assess the paddy crop yield difference and its contribution to household incomes between traditional and semi-improved Farmer-Managed Irrigation Schemes (FMISs) in Iringa Rural and Kilombero districts in Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study involving 48 key informants and 172 randomly selected households. Household survey using a structured questionnaire was the major method for data collection. Data from focus group discussions and key informants supplemented the information collected using household survey. The data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). Results indicate that yield of paddy was higher in semi-improved schemes (2.5-3.6 tons/ha) compared to traditional irrigation schemes (2.2-2.9 tons/ha). This was attributed to the presence of improved water intake structures and existence of main canals, which facilitated an improved water supply to the irrigation fields. In spite of the poor and incomplete irrigation infrastructure, the paddy production contributed very significantly (73-80%) to the total annual household income of smallholder irrigators and somewhat more in the improved system than the traditional system. Other income sources are quite marginal in the study areas. The study recommends that the government should invest in irrigation infrastructure development to increase irrigation water use efficiency and increase agricultural values added.Item Differences in schistosomiasis knowledge among irrigation rice farming communities in different irrigation schemes in Tanzania(2013-02-26) Salehe, F. S.; Mattee, A. Z.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Ensink, J. E. E.Aim: To assess differences in schistosomiasis knowledge in farmers working in traditional, improved traditional and modern irrigation schemes in Tanzania. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey among farmers practicing irrigation rice farming, in 2 different regions and 6 different irrigation systems. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out between November and December 2011 in the Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Regions, Tanzania. Methodology: Equal number of irrigators in each scheme was employed. Irrigators were chosen randomly by the researcher from the list of all farmers actually engaged in rice irrigation farming provided by the village governments in the six schemes. Two hundred and fourty samples (240) were used, 120 from each region (40 farmers practicing irrigation rice farming in each scheme). Independent sample t-test was used for testing schistosomiasis knowledge differences among irrigators between schemes with the same design and construction of their infrastructures between the two regions. Results: More than 88% of irrigators surveyed in Kilimanjaro schemes had better knowledge regarding to all schistosmiasis items asked compared to those in Morogoro, particularly Chabi scheme-traditional. There were significant difference on irrigators knowledge on schistosomiasis symptoms (P<0.001), and predisposing factors (P<0.001) between Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Modern schemes. Knowledge on predisposing factors differed significantly (P<0.001) between irrigators in Morogoro and Kilimanjaro improved traditional schemes. Moreover significant difference were noted on irrigators knowledge on schistosomiasis symptoms (P<0.001), predisposing factors (P<0.004) and schistosomiasis control measures (P=0.003) between irrigators in Morogoro and Kilimanjaro traditional schemes. Conclusion: From the results it appears that the level of farmers’ knowledge of schistosomiasis is related to: proximity to health facilities of the community, trainings that have been provided to farmers and farmer’s literacy rate. However the government should be responsible to improve health facilities, construct roads and deliver schistosomiasis education to communities in irrigation areas even for schemes which have not been planned, designed and constructed by the government.Item Efectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Tanzania(Applied Water Science, 2018-04-30) Gudaga, J. L. ; Kabote, S. J. ; Mosha, D. B.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Kashaigili, J. J.This paper examines efectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Mbarali District, Mbeya Region. The paper adopts exploratory sequential research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. A random sample of 90 groundwater users with 50% women was involved in the survey. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann– Whitney U test were used to compare the diferences in responses between groups, while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results show that the Village Councils and Community Water Supply Organizations (COWSOs) were efective in governing groundwater. The results also show statistical signifcant diference on the overall extent of efectiveness of the Village Councils in governing groundwater between villages (P = 0.0001), yet there was no signifcant diference (P > 0.05) between male and female responses on the efectiveness of Village Councils, village water committees and COWSOs. The Mann–Whitney U test showed statistical signifcant diference between male and female responses on efectiveness of formal and informal institutions (P = 0.0001), such that informal institutions were efective relative to formal institutions. The Kruskal–Wallis H test also showed statistical signifcant diference (P ≤ 0.05) on the extent of efectiveness of formal institutions, norms and values between low, medium and high categories. The paper concludes that COWSOs were more efective in governing groundwater than other groundwater governance structures. Similarly, norms and values were more efective than formal institutions. The paper recommends sensitization and awareness creation on formal institutions so that they can infuence water users’ behaviour to govern groundwaterItem Effectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Tanzania(Applied Water Science, 2018-05-08) Gudaga, J. L.; Kabote, S. J.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Mosha, D. B.; Kashaigili, J. J.This paper examines effectiveness of groundwater governance structures and institutions in Mbarali District, Mbeya Region. The paper adopts exploratory sequential research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. A random sample of 90 groundwater users with 50% women was involved in the survey. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann– Whitney U test were used to compare the differences in responses between groups, while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results show that the Village Councils and Community Water Supply Organizations (COWSOs) were effective in governing groundwater. The results also show statistical significant difference on the overall extent of effectiveness of the Village Councils in governing groundwater between villages ( P = 0.0001), yet there was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between male and female responses on the effectiveness of Village Councils, village water committees and COWSOs. The Mann–Whitney U test showed statistical significant difference between male and female responses on effectiveness of formal and informal institutions ( P = 0.0001), such that informal institutions were effective relative to formal institutions. The Kruskal–Wallis H test also showed statistical significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05) on the extent of effectiveness of formal institutions, norms and values between low, medium and high categories. The paper concludes that COWSOs were more effective in governing groundwater than other groundwater governance structures. Similarly, norms and values were more effective than formal institutions. The paper recommends sensitization and awareness creation on formal institutions so that they can influence water users’ behaviour to govern groundwater.Item Evaluation of the effectiveness of commonly used irrigation scheduling approaches on land and water productivity(2008-06) Kihupi, N.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Bjerkholt, J. T.; Mkoga, Z. J.; Mbozil, A. FA field experiment was conducted to study the impacts of different irrigation schedules on land and water productivity of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop. Three irrigation scheduling methods were evaluated using a randomised complete block design., one based on historical climatic data (water balance), a second one based on neutron probe soil moisture measurements and the third one based on normal practices of farmers in the area (farmer-managed schedule). Irrigation water applications and crop water use were monitored throughout the growing season. The mean total water delivery under farmer- managed plots was 735mm which is more than adequate for a bean crop whose water requirement for maximum production varies between 300 and 500mm depending on climate. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in irrigation water productivity (IWP) and field water application efficiency (FAE) among treatments. The IWP and FAE of farmer-managed schedule were significantly lower than the other treatments, but the F AE of the control plot and climatic data plot did not differ significantly (P < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in physiological water use efficiency (PWUE) among treatments. Land productivity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the climatic data based schedule than the other methods. It would thus appear that the water budget technique based on average climatic data is a suitable irrigation scheduling criterion which saved irrigation water while achieving maximum yield, optimum water productivity and field application efficiency. Low field application efficiencies under farmers' management practices indicate a need for improvement in water management strategies of individual farmers. This would go a long way to improving both water and land productivities.Item Groundwater situation in Tanzania: Experiences from Mbarali district in Mbeya region(Mkwawa University College of Education, 2018-06) Kabote, S. J.; Gudaga, J. L.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Mosha, D. B.This chapter examines groundwater situation in selected villages in rural areas of Mbarali District where drinking water infrastructures for domestic use are poor and or lacking. The study adopted sequential exploratory research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The sample size, randomly selected, was 90 groundwater users and 50% were women. Descriptive statistics, one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis and independent T-test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results show that 66.7% of the respondents depend on the groundwater (deep wells) for domestic use. This was influenced by the perception that groundwater was clean or was the only source available. The mean distance from a household to a groundwater source was 249.50 metres. The variation, in terms of distance from households to the groundwater source between the villages, was significant at 5%. In addition, the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of the household heads and the amount of groundwater used was generally weak. The socio-economic characteristics involved were household heads' education level, household size, household annual income and distance from home to the groundwater source. The study concludes that groundwater was critical and dependable in supporting households' livelihoods. It is therefore pertinent, at a policy level, to enhance groundwater infrastructure development at the local level so long as surface water is dwindling. In addition, the question of groundwater governance in terms of groundwater quality, institutional structures and legal and policy issues worth an investigation to ensure sustainability of the groundwater resources.Item Groundwater users’ awareness of water institutions in Tanzania: A case study of Mbarali District, Mbeya Region(Journal of African Studies and Development, 2018-03-30) Gudaga, J. L; Kabote, S. J.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Mosha, D. B.; Kashaigili, J. J.This paper examines awareness of groundwater formal and informal institutions among water users. The paper adopted sequential exploratory research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The sample size was 90 groundwater users, and 50% were women. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal Wallis H Test and Mann Whitney U Test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The results show that 50% of the respondents showed average awareness of formal institutions whereas 70 and 57.7% showed high awareness of norms and values respectively. In addition, the results showed statistically significant difference on the extent of respondents’ awareness of water institutions (P=0.001) among low, medium and high categories. Furthermore, there was no significant difference on awareness of formal institutions between male and female respondents (P=0.403). The paper concludes high groundwater users’ awareness of informal institutions including norms and values than formal institutions mainly rules and regulations particularly Water Resource Management Acts. Therefore, the paper recommends endeavours to raise awareness of formal institutions at a local level because awareness of formal and informal institutions is equally important for groundwater governance.Item Reflections on evolving water management institutions and institutional bricolage: a case of irrigation schemes in Iringa Rural and Kilombero districts, Tanzania(IWA, 2016) Mosha, D. B.; Vedeld, P.; Kajembe, G. C.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Katani, J. Z.Over the past 40þ years, evolution of water institutions responsible for allocation and distribution of water has been enormous. This paper analyzes the evolution of both formal and informal water management institutions and how they affect today’s processes of allocating and distributing water in farmer-managed irrigation schemes (FMISs). It also assesses how farmers translate and modify introduced formal institutions in the rights of the existing informal institution while trying to solve water management challenges based on the local conditions. In-depth and focus group data for the study were collected using a checklist of questions administered to 40 informants, one group discussion per village in Itunundu, Mboliboli, Mkula and Magombera villages, Tanzania. The basic argument of this paper is that water institutions have changed over time. Drawing from study findings, the evolution process of water institutions might be understood as an outcome of the government efforts to address emerging challenges with respect to increasing water demand and multi-use. However, institutional evolution is accompanied by some negatives outcomes, as they weaken social norms and threaten sound water management. The experiences from the irrigation schemes highlight the need to include locally evolved institutions while re-crafting formal institutions. Such interventions may well have significant outcomes for efficient, equity and power relations among water users.Item Schistosomiasis: A comparative study of its socioeconomic consequences in different types of irrigation schemes in Tanzania.(2012) Salehe, F. S.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Mattee, A. Z.; Hassan, S. N.This study was carried out through a cross-sectional design in June through August, 2010 in modern, improved traditional and traditional irrigation schemes in Kilimanjaro and Morogororo Regions, Tanzania. A total of 240 irrigation rice farming respondents were selected purposively at head, middle and tail of each scheme. Interviews using structured questionnaires with closed and open-ended questions were used to collect data. T-test was used to determine variation in different variables for infected farmers between irrigation schemes, and for the same variables between infected and non-infected farmers within the same irrigation schemes. Infection was least at a traditional scheme, but high at a modern scheme both in Kilimanjaro Region. Consequently, infected farmers at Kilimanjaro modern scheme lost the highest number of working days on treatment and care of oneself/family members, 14-30 days per season compared to 4-13 days for infected farmers at a traditional scheme in Morogoro Region. We also found significant difference on income accrued from rice selling between infected farmers in modern (p > 0.001) and traditional schemes (p > 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference in net working hours per month between infected versus non-infected farmers in modern (p>0.001), improved traditional (p = 0.006) and traditional (p > 0.001) schemes. Since some of infected farmers in Morogoro schemes sold what could have been their food, assets and livestock the study concluded that schistosomiasis has not only caused illness to those infected, but it had impact on socio- economic development of those infected and their households at large.