Browsing by Author "Mwanri, A. W."
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Item Awareness and screening practices for gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Arusha Urban, Tanzania(AJOL, 2021) Martin, H. D.; Msollo, S. S.; Mwanri, A. W.; Petrucka, P.Awareness is an important aspect for seeking self-prevention, diagnosis, and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess awareness and history of screening practices for gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Arusha Urban District of Arusha City Council, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018, among 468 randomly selected pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Ngarenaro and Kaloleni Health Centers in urban areas of Arusha District. Data collection was done through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSSTM version 20. Almost 60% of the participants completed primary school and were self-employed (55.8%) basically in small business. Few women were aware of the existence of gestational diabetes mellitus (10.7%). Among the aware women, 36, 23, 26 and 30% knew the meaning, effects, symptoms and risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus respectively. Twelve (24%) of these women, obtained this information from the antenatal clinic while 38(76%) from different media. Awareness was positively associated with post-secondary (AOR 13.7, 95% CI: 4.07-46.15) and secondary education levels (AOR 5.5, 95% CI: 1.78-16.76). About 8.2% of the women were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus in their previous pregnancy in urine whereby 13.2% reported to have high urine glucose and provided with nutrition counselling without further follow up from the antenatal care. Therefore, awareness and screening practices for gestational diabetes mellitus are insufficient in the study area which may be attributed to low prioritization and limited resources.Item Body mass index and dietary diversity of kitchen workers using different types of cooking fuels in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania(Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2019-12-13) Mwanri, A. W.; Mahembe, A.; Msuya, J. J.Vulnerability to indoor pollution depends on the individual’s nutritional status as well as the nature and duration of exposure. The aim of this study was to assess Body Mass Index (BMI) and dietary diversity among kitchen workers in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. A total of 360 randomly selected kitchen workers from hotels, institutions, fast food restaurants and street food vendors were studied in a cross-sectional study and their weight and height were measured using standard methods. BMI was calculated and categorized using World Health Organization criteria. Information on sociodemographic, respiratory symptom and type of fuel used was collected using a pretested questionnaire. Dietary diversity was assessed using FAO/FANTA guideline. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and Microsoft excel version 10. Results indicate that, there were more female kitchen workers (65.3%) who were relatively younger with mean age of (28 ± 7.6) years compared to (32.6±7.4) years for males. About half of the kitchen workers were overweight (48%) or obese (14.7%). Males were more overweight (52%) and obese (21.6%) compared to 46% and 11% for females respectively. Prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among hotel workers (25%) compared to workers of other institutions, fast food restaurants, households and food vendors; however; there was no significant difference in BMI status with respect to type of fuel used and respiratory symptoms. About 68% consumed more than 4 food groups in a day preceding the survey. The most commonly consumed groups were cereals, fats/oils, and sugars. Vegetable consumption was also high reported by 75% of the respondents. Eggs, milk and fruits were the least consumed food groups reported by 3.2%, 13.5% and 38.1% of the respondents respectively. Overweight and obesity were common among kitchen workers, surprisingly more common among males than females. Other exposure variables were not associated with overweight and obesity. More research is needed to support the present results especially on kind of particulate matter that are produced from kitchen fumes.Item Effect of cooking on tannin and phytate content in different bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties grown in Tanzania(Academic Journals, 2017) Mamiro, P. S.; Mwanri, A. W.; Mongi, R. J.; Chivaghula, T. J.; Nyagaya, M.; Ntwenya, J.Phytates and tannins are present in varying proportions in legume based foods. Investigation on the effect of cooking on tannins and phytates was carried out on thirty eight raw and cooked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties. Tannins were assayed by vanillin-hydrochloric acid method, while phytates were determined by a method developed by Haugh and Lantzsch. There was a very high significant difference (P≤0.00001) in the tannin concentrations between the raw and cooked bean samples. The mean tannin content for the raw and cooked samples was 1.168±0.81 and 0.563±0.503%CE, respectively. Reduction of tannins after cooking ranged from 20%CE in M’mafutala to 81%CE in GLP 2 with an average reduction of 56.3%CE. Equally, there was a very high significant difference (P≤0.0001) in the phytate concentrations between the raw and cooked bean samples. The mean phytate content for the raw and cooked samples were 0.0219±002 and 0.0122±003 μg/mL, respectively. Cooking reduced the anti-nutritional factors significantly (p≤0.0001). The extent of antinutritional factors reduction varied between bean varieties. Cooking is therefore important for mineral absorption during digestion process in humans as it makes the minerals less bound and hence physiologically available.Item Formulation and sensory evaluation of complementary foods from low-cost, locally-available and nutrient-dense ingredients using linear programming.(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021) Tesha, A. P.; Nyaruhucha, C. N.; Mwanri, A. W.Meeting energy and micronutrient requirements during complementary feeding period especially in developing countries is limited by many factors one of them being poverty. This study was carried out in Rombo district, Kilimanjaro region with the aim of developing low-cost complementary foods using locally available ingredients by linear programming. Frequently used complementary foods and their ingredients were identified by using 24-hour dietary-recall questionnaire. Market and field survey was done to identify available ingredients and their monetary values. Linear programming was used to identify the cheapest possible combination of food ingredients that meet a set of nutritional requirements. Data was analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model using R software (Ri386) version 3.3.1. Means and standard deviations were calculated for acceptability of the sensory attributes of the complementary foods and for categorical variables frequencies and percentages were used. Seven recipes (banana puree with either minced beef, fish, pumpkins or milk as well as maize and composite flour porridges) were developed, prepared and then subjected to sensory evaluation using 5-point Likert scale. Banana porridge with minced beef was highly acceptable. There was no significant difference in terms of acceptability between banana porridge with fish, maize porridge, composite flour porridge and banana porridge with pumpkins. Banana porridge with milk had the least score. Linear programming was found to be a good method to improve nutrient content of complementary foods using low cost, locally available and culturally acceptable ingredients.Item Gender differences in prevalence and perception of being overweight among university students in Morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study(2015-12) Mwanri, A. W.; Bundala, N. H.; Ramadhan, Z. H.The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising at CM alarming rate in both developing and developed countries. cross-sectional survey WaS done to assess gender differences 11. 7 the p]-C1'01C11CC and perception ()level -weight and OhCSifl 0171011g students of higher burning 111.S1I111110115. 171C 5I11011' also explored the gender differences ill ChC(irT clill'ClisifiCaLl017 among the studied students. Alfumbe University was randomly selected from among five other in Alorogoro and a total of 222 students were randomly selected. freight, height, hip and 11'411..S1 C'ill'111771(21"(217CC Were measured using standard procedure. Obe.yity was defined according to If710 standard categories. Data on socio-demographic and sell-perception of body image were obtained using a structured (I lICS1101711ailV. 1.171.01717(111017 0/1 (11101(11.1' Chl'elS171' was obtained using FANT.-1,1-1,10 Data was analysed using the Statistical Package and Service Solutions (SPSS Inc.) computer software version 2(1 whore inferential and descriptive statistic's was pre.s.Cnlod. The mean age of respondents was 25 (SD 4.4) years. Based 0/1 1170 h4o ar' mass index (BAW), 37.04) of the Je' males were of or obese compared 10 23`1',JOr males. 117 contrast, 4% of the Jemales were underweight compared to 6. /or nudes. Regarding waist circumference and the waist-hip ratio. more females had increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Among overweight or (these 'utiles, identified themselves as having normal weight ithe/vas:, 50(.);, of the overweight or obese ,females thought they were normal. About S5(1,';., of the students co77S11111cd 11701V (hall 10111' .100d groups per day shownw that their diet vl as diversified, although more than half (55'),',) 0/ the respondents .1 kippca at least 0170 meal per day. There is a h04I7 prevalence of overweight and obesity eye( tally a171017g 10177(11C 111(1C171.1' of Iligher learning instionion.s ill Alorogoro region„Vntrition cell/canon is necessary to the S111(1C1711' to reduce 111C risk 101 ILA' .talc 11(11C(1 (ILCC(I.Scs associated witl7 being overweight and obesity.Item Infant and young child feeding practices among pastoralist and crop farming communities in Mvomero district, Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020) Kibona, M. G.; Mwanri, A. W.This study aimed to determine feeding practices of infants and young children among pastoralist and crop farming communities in Mvomero district, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involved mothers of children below two years of age, from crop farming (n=206) and pastoralist (n=142) communities. ProPAN research tools and procedures were adopted for data collection and analysis. Quantitative data were processed using ProPAN software and descriptive statistics, t-test and Chi-square test were done by SPSS version 21 software. Qualitative data were manually analyzed using the ProPAN matrices. Mean age of mothers (26 years) and of the studied children (12 months) were similar for pastoralists and crop farmers. About 35% (n=50) of pastoralist mothers had no formal education while 93% of the crop farming had at least attended primary school. High proportion of crop farmers (66.5%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour after delivery compared to about 35% in pastoralists. Pre-lacteal feeding was more common among pastoralists (37%) compared to crop farmers (22%). Early complementation was more common among pastoralists (87%) compared to crop farmers (48%). Limited knowledge on infant and young children’s nutritional needs, traditional beliefs and cultural restrictions were among the barriers to optimal infant and young child feeding practices. Awareness of mothers regarding the recommendations, and mother’s desire for their children to attain good health were the facilitators that enhanced mothers to comply with the recommended feeding practices. To promote optimum feeding practices in both communities, stakeholders should consider planning programs on educating community while addressing cultural specific barriers.Item Knowledge, practices and intention to consume omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids among pregnant and breastfeeding women in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania(Academic Journals / African Journal of Food Science, 2022-06) Tesha, A. P.; Mwanri, A. W.; Nyaruhucha, C. N.Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are beneficial throughout the human life cycle. With regard to early child development, maternal fatty acid status influence cognitive and psychomotor development of the unborn child. Regardless of their importance in early childhood development they still receive less attention when compared to other nutrients. This paper aimed to assess knowledge, practices and intention to consume omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids among pregnant and breastfeeding women in Morogoro Municipality and the study adopted the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A cross-sectional survey which involved 318 randomly selected pregnant and breastfeeding women was conducted in three wards of Morogoro Municipality. Data were collected through face to face interview using a questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) Scores were compared with demographic characteristics by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the level of significance set at p<0.05. The findings revealed limited knowledge on omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. However most of the participants showed positive attitude towards omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid food sources and they intended to use them in the future if they are properly trained. Level of education had a significant influence on respondents’ knowledge (p = 0.003) and attitudes (p = 0.004). It was concluded that, any attempt to increase consumption of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids among pregnant and breastfeeding women in Tanzania have to pay attention on their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.Item Nutrient content of complementary foods for children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania(Academic Journals, 2022) Tesha, A. P.; Mwanri, A. W.; Nyaruhucha, C. N.Complementary feeding is an effective strategy in reducing the levels of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months. Little is known about the preparation and nutrient content of locally made complementary foods in Tanzania. This study was carried out with the aim of analysing nutrient content of the frequently used complementary foods for children of age 6 to 23 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three randomly selected villages in Rombo district, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Information on the types of complementary foods was collected using semi-structured and 24-h dietary- recall questionnaires. Seven samples of frequently consumed complementary foods (banana, rice and maize-based porridges) were collected and analysed for proximate, vitamins and minerals composition. The results were as follows: Energy 317.98-379.23 kcal, vitamin A 81.32-971.05 μg RE, vitamin C 3.48- 9.56 mg, iron 2.48-22.86 mg, zinc 0.92-9.57 mg, calcium 73.13-400.58 mg and iodine 10.18-200.93 μg/100 g dry-weights. Conclusively, the amount of vitamin C, iron, zinc, calcium and iodine of the frequently used complementary foods in the study area was low as compared to what is recommended by World Health Organization. It is important to develop recipes that may either fill or narrow this gap by using low-cost, locally available and culturally acceptable ingredients.Item Nutritional quality and utilization of local and improved cowpea varieties in some Regions in Tanzania(African Journal of Food Agriculuture Nutrition and Development, 2011-02) Mamiro, P. S.; Mbwaga, A. M.; Mamiro, D. P.; Mwanri, A. W.; Kinabo, J. L.Cowpeas are grown for their leaves and grains both of which are used as relish or side dishes together with the staple food. Little information is available on the nutritional quality of local and improved cowpea varieties grown in Tanzania as well as the recipes in which they are ingredients. This study was done to investigate cowpea utilization in Iringa and Dodoma regions of Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was carried out where a total of 517 farmers were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Proximate and mineral composition of different varieties of cowpea grains and leaves were determined using standard AOAC methods. More than half of the households interviewed consumed cowpeas in one or more forms. Most cowpea recipes included them as relish being eaten with rice or stiff porridge (ugali), a mixture of dehulled maize and cowpea grains (kande) and cowpea buns (bagia). Improved cowpea varieties had relatively higher fat content ranging from 8 to 11.2% compared to local varieties (5.4%). Local cowpea grains had higher levels of calcium varying between 958.1 and 992.4 mg/kg than dehulled cowpea (360 to 364 mg/kg) and cowpea flour (303 to 311 mg/kg). Zinc ranged from 32.6 to 31.5 mg/kg, while iron content ranged from 27.6 to 28.9 mg/kg. Fresh cowpea leaves had the highest levels of minerals, with calcium varying between 1800.6 and 1809.6 mg/kg, zinc between 36.1 and 36.0 mg/kg and iron between 497.0 and 499.5 mg/kg. The improved cowpea varieties, IT99K-7212-2-1 (23.8 mg/kg) and IT96D-733 (21.2 mg/kg) had the highest iron content. IT99K-7-21-2-2-1 (32.2 mg/kg) and IT97K499-38 (28.3 mg/kg) had the highest zinc concentration. The bagia (cowpea buns), prepared in Dodoma had higher mineral composition, calcium (893mg/kg), zinc (13.7 mg/kg) and iron (16.3 mg/kg) compared to those prepared in Iringa; calcium (32.6mg/kg), zinc (4.96 mg/kg) and iron (5.2 mg/kg). The cowpea daily per capita consumption for the majority of the households surveyed ranged from 41 to 200 gm. The contribution of micro and macro nutrients is significant for both developed lines and local varieties but with leaves having greater mineral content than the grains; hence, promotion of consumption of the leaves alongside the grains would be of nutritional advantage. Additionally, farmers should be encouraged to plant the higher yielding cowpea varieties and preferred local varieties.