Browsing by Author "Mulungu, Loth"
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Item Application of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to forecast rodent population abundance in smallholder agro-ecosystems in semi-arid areas in Tanzania(ResearchGate, 2019-05) Hieronimo, Proches; Isabirye, Moses; Kifumba, David; Mulungu, Loth; Kimaro, Didas N; Makundi, Rhodes H.; Leirs, Herwig; Mulungu, Loth S.; Mdangi, Mashaka E.; Massawe, Apia W.This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from satellite- derived remote sensing data for monitoring rodent abundance in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. We hypothesized that NDVI could potentially complement rainfall in predicting rodent abundance spatially and tem- porally. NDVI were determined across habitats with differ- ent vegetation types in Isimani landscape, Iringa Region, in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Normalized differ- ences in reflectance between the red (R) (0.636–0.673 mm) and near-infrared (NIR) (0.851–0.879 mm) channels of the electromagnetic spectrum from the Landsat 8 [Opera- tional Land Imager (OLI)] sensor were obtained. Rodents were trapped in a total of 144 randomly selected grids each measuring 100 × 100 m 2 , for which the corresponding values of NDVI were recorded during the corresponding rodent trapping period. Raster analysis was performed by transformation to establish NDVI in study grids over the entire study area. The relationship between NDVI, rodent distribution and abundance both spatially and tempo- rally during the start, mid and end of the dry and wet sea- sons was established. Linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationships between NDVI and rodent abundance across seasons. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) at p ≤ 0.05 was carried out to describe thedegree of association between actual and NDVI-predicted rodent abundances. The results demonstrated a strong linear relationship between NDVI and actual rodent abundance within grids (R 2 = 0.71). NDVI-predicted rodent abundance showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.99) with estimated rodent abundance. These results support the hypothesis that NDVI has the potential for predicting rodent population abundance under smallholder farming agro-ecosystems. Hence, NDVI could be used to forecast rodent abundance within a reasonable short period of time when compared with sparse and not widely available rainfall data.hItem Evaluation of thiram and cinnamamide for protection of maize seeds against multimammate mice, Mastomys natalensis, in Tanzania(2005) Ngowo, Victor H.; Mulungu, Loth; Lodal, Jens; Makundi, Rhodes H.; Massawe, Apia W.; Leirs, HerwigFarmers in Tanzania consider rodents to be the major vertebrate pest of maize, especially at planting and seedling stages and annual losses are high. We evaluated the potential of two seed-dressing compounds, thiram and cinnamamide, as rodent repellents to protect maize against damage by multimammate rats, Mastomys natalen- sis. In laboratory tests, the two compounds showed a strong repellent effect against M. natalensis and thus the potential to protect maize seeds. The two compounds were evaluated in maize fields using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results show that these repellents are effective for protecting maize seeds against multimammate rats in the field, but in locations with high population of Tatera leucogaster, seedlings are still damaged after emergence. Therefore, in such locations, other control measures, including applica- tion of rodenticides just before seedling emergence may be necessary.Item Influence of land preparation methods and vegetation cover on population abundance of Mastomys natalensis in Morogoro, Tanzania(2005-12) Massawe, Apia W.; RWAMUGIRA, Winifrida; Leirs, Herwig; Makundi, Rhodes H.; Mulungu, LothA Capture-Mark-Release study was carried out in Morogoro, Tanzania, from April 1999 to April 2001 to investigate the effects of land preparation methods and cropping systems on population abundance of Mastomys natalensis in crop fields. Two land preparation methods (tractor ploughing; slash and burning) and two cropping systems (mono-cropping with maize; inter-cropping with maize and beans) were included in the study. The experi- mental design was a Complete Randomized Design with 2x2 factors, with two replicates. In slash and burn fields, rodent population abundance and distribution were strongly influenced by vegetation cover regardless of the type of cropping system. Higher rodent population peaks occurred in dense vegetation cover in slash and burn relative to tractor ploughed fields. In contrast, there were no obvious associations between vegetation cover and population abundance in the tractor ploughed fields, particularly in the mono-cropping system. A negative correlation between vegetation cover and population abundance of M. natalensis was obtained in fallow land surrounding the crop fields (r = -0.63; p ≤ 0.05). The results show that the effect of vegetation cover on population abundance of M natalensis in crop fields is strongly influenced by the type of land preparation methods. Tractor ploughing and clearance of fal- low land surrounding crop fields could be a useful method to reduce the invasion of crops by M. natalensis.Item Population dynamics and breeding patterns of Multi-mammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis (Smith 1834) in irrigated rice field in Eastern Tanzania(Wiley Online Library, 2012-06-21) Mulungu, Loth; Ngowo, Victoria; Mdangi, Mashaka; Katakweba, Abdul; Tesha, Protas; Mrosso, Furaha; Mchomvu, Mary; Sheyoe, Paul; Kilonzo, BukhetBACKGROUND: Multimammate mice are the most important vertebrate pests in Sub-Saharan Africa and are also reservoirs of many zoonotic diseases, including sylvan plague. This study investigated the population dynamics and breeding patterns of this mouse in irrigated rice cropping systems in eastern Tanzania. RESULTS:Themultimammatemouse,Mastomysnatalensis,populationvariedwithhabitatandmonths.Fallowlandhadamore abundant population than rice fields. The highest population peak was observed during the dry season from July to October. Mastomys natalensis is sexually active throughout the year in the study area, although it reaches the highest level in June and December when rice is at the maturity stage. This suggests that breeding is highly influenced by the presence of a rice crop in both seasons. More juvenile individuals were recorded in August and September, indicating that they were produced in the previous breeding months. The sex ratio of M.natalensis was not skewed to either males or females, indicating that it was at parity. CONCLUSION: Rodent population dynamics during the study periods in all habitats indicated that high birth rates accounted for the rapid population growth and turnover. Regular control and sustainable operations are thus essential if rodent pest populations are to be kept with intolerable limits.Item Rodent population fluctuations in three ecologically heterogeneous locations in northeast, central and south- west Tanzania(Belg. J. Zool, 2005-12) Makundi, Rhodes H.; Massawe, Apia W.; Mulungu, LothRodent population fluctuations and breeding patterns were investigated at localities in South-west, Central and North-east Tanzania. The three localities are ecologically heterogeneous in vegetation types, rodent species diversity, rainfall pattern and altitude. Capture-Mark-Release studies were conducted in 2001-2003 to com- pare rodent species composition and population trends. In North-eastern Tanzania, species composition is diverse and includes Mastomys natalensis, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, Grammomys dolichurus, Arvicanthis nairobae, Praomys delectorum and Mus sp.. Five species were recorded in South-western Tanzania namely, M. natalensis, Graphiurus murinus, Saccostomus elegans, Tatera leucogaster and Steatomys pratensis. In Central Tanzania M. natalensis was dominant, but a few Lemniscomys griselda were captured. Rodent abundance fluctuations were dis- tinctively seasonal, especially for M. natalensis in the three localities and T. leucogaster in South-west Tanzania. In North-eastern Tanzania, L. flavopunctatus, G. dolichurus, A. nairobae and P. delectorum had low, but relatively sta- ble populations throughout the year. In South-west Tanzania, population peaks of M. natalensis and T. leucogaster were reached in the dry season (June-September). In Central Tanzania, breeding of M. natalensis was seasonal, with highest population abundance during July-November. Female M. natalensis were reproductively active in January- May and males had scrotal testes in December-June. No males were sexually active during July-November. Female T. leucogaster in South-western Tanzania were reproductively active during November-April/May whereas sexually active males appeared in the population during November-March. In view of the observed rodent population fluctu- ations and breeding patterns, recommendations are given for pragmatic rodent control in South-west and Central Tanzania and for plague in North-eastern TanzaniaItem Soil type limits population abundance of rodents in crop fields: case study of the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis Smith, 1834 in Tanzania(Blackwell Publishing, 2008) Massawe, Apia W.; RWAMUGIRA, Winnie; LEIRS, Herwig; Makundi, Rhodes H.; Mulungu, Loth; Ngowo, V.; Machang'u, Robert S.Studies of populations of the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis in Morogoro, Tanzania, show that soil texture appears to influence the population abundance and distribution of these rats in agricultural fields. The lowest rodent population abundance was found on sandy clay soils (F (2, 5) = 8.42; P = 0.025). The population abundances of M. natalensis on sandy clay loam and sandy loam soils did not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05), possibly because these soils have a very similar texture. The results of this study suggest that M. natalensis prefers loam-textured soils with a high percentage of sand, which are probably better than clay soils for burrowing and nesting, particularly in the rainy season. The lower preference for clay soils is probably related to the poor aeration in these soils and the waterlogging that occurs during the wet season.