Browsing by Author "Kashoma, I. P."
Now showing 1 - 14 of 14
- Results Per Page
- Sort Options
Item Antimicrobial resistance and genotypic diversity of Campylobacter isolated from pigs, dairy, and beef cattle in Tanzania(Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015-11-12) Kashoma, I. P.; Kassem, I. I.; Kumar, A.; Kessy, B. M.; Gebreyes, W.; Kazwala, R. R.; Rajashekara, G.Foodborne Campylobacter infections pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. However, the occurrence and characteristics of Campylobacter in food animals and products remain largely unknown in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to determine the revalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic profiles (sequence types, STs) of Campylobacter isolated from feces of pigs and dairy and beef cattle in Tanzania. Overall, 259 (∼30%) of 864 samples were positive for Campylobacter spp, which were detected in 32.5, 35.4, and 19.6% of the pig, dairy, and beef cattle samples, respectively. Multiplex PCR analysis identified 4.5 and 29.3% of the Campylobacter isolates as C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The majority (91.9%) of the isolates from pig samples were identified as C. coli, while C. jejuni accounted for 65.5% of the isolates from cattle. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method revealed resistance to: ampicillin (Amp) (70.3% and 75.7%, respectively), gentamicin (Gen) (1.8% and 12.6%), streptomycin (Str) (65.8 and 74.8%), erythromycin (Ery) (41.4 and 48.7%), tetracycline (Tet) (18.9 and 23.4%), and ciprofloxacin (Cip) (14.4 and 7.2%). Resistance to nalidixic acid (Nal) (39.6%), azithromycin (Azm) (13.5%), and chloramphenicol (Chl) (4.5%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (Tyl) (38.7%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing of 111 Campylobacter isolates resulted in the identification of 48 STs (26 C. jejuni and 22 C. coli) of which seven were novel (six C. jejuni and one C. coli). Taken together, this study revealed the high prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in important food animals in Tanzania, which highlights the urgent need for the surveillance and control of Campylobacter in this country.Item Comparative gross and histological morphology of goat (caprine) and sheep (ovine) placentomes(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2019-02-01) Luziga, C.; Kashoma, I. P.This study aimed to investigate the gross and micro-anatomy of the placentome of Tanzanian goats and sheep and their relationship with some foetal parameters. Forty pregnant uteri (20 from goats and 20 from sheep) were collected from slaughtered pregnant animals. Foetal age was estimated using Crown-Rump Length formula. Other parameters such as head length (HL), neck length (NL), fore and hind limb length, foetal weight, total number of placentomes and placentome size and location in the uteri were taken. All placentae exhibited the typical characteristics of a cotyledonary with discrete areas of attachment between maternal and foetal tissues. Placentome counts ranged from 70 to 92 and 74 to 104 in sheep and goats, respectively. The average length of placentomes was 20.0±4.2 and 30.7±9.0 in sheep and goats, respectively. Placentomes from does in the present study were concave in shape and the majority were of type A. Regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between foetal age and placental size (r2=0.3245; p<0.001); between foetal age and foetal weight (r2=0.7364; p<0.001); and between foetal age and placental weight (r2=0.6458; p<0.01); but the number of placentomes insignificantly (P>0.01) varied with foetal age. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the Tanzanian sheep and goat placentae are cotyledonary – synepitheliochorial type having placentomes that tend to increase in size with gestation age in response to greater nutrient and or metabolic requirement of the growing foetus.Item Cryopreservation of dog semen as an alternative method to improved fertility in bitches: A review article(Tanzania Veterinary Association, 2018-02-01) Bunyaga, A. S.; Kashoma, I. P.Cryopreservation of dog semen facilitates the exchange of genes between populations and makes it possible to preserve genes from valuable males for an extended time. Although AI in dogs can help avert sexually transmitted diseases and reducing the chances of inbreeding, the technique is not routinely practised in most developing countries including Tanzania. Among the reasons are problems associated with cryopreservation. Cryopreservation of semen has a number of problems limiting its success and thus, affecting fertility in dogs as a whole. The common assisted reproductive technologies like AI in dogs are constrained by challenges in semen cryopreservation which partly is caused by freezing temperature, cryoprotectants and lifespan of spermatozoa. The purpose of this review is to study the possible ways which can improve cryopreservation of semen in dogs. Improving semen cryopreservation is not a one process; it involves a combination of factors with the ultimate goal of improving the outcome of semen cryopreservation in terms of conception rates in bitches, and thus, fertility in general. Cryopreservation parameters to improve include: type of ejaculate, insemination technique, storage, post thawing procedures, extenders, cryoprotectants, collection method and antioxidants. Several approaches have been recommended, including cryopreservation protocols, for instance freezing rates should be slow enough to allow the cells to minimize chemical potential and osmolality gradients across the plasma membrane, but fast enough to dehydrate the cell without exposing it to lethal salt concentrations. Moreover, the first ejaculates and the ejaculates from old dogs are to be discouraged if we need to improve fertility output under cryopreservation method. Thawing temperature of 70°C and above within a few seconds, have shown promising results. Possibly, this temperature is helpful to reduce the toxic nature of cryoprotectants. However, this review suggests the use of intrauterine method, and possibly innovation of new modification and training expertise would help to improve fertility in bitches. Nevertheless, more work is needed to accurately predict fertility of cryopreserved canine semen.Item Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha participates in axial skeletogenesis during mouse embryo development(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-02-12) Luziga, C. D.; Bui, T. N.; Kashoma, I. P.; Aligawesa, E.; Yamamoto, Y.Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha (CTLA-2α) has been discovered and expressed in mouse activated T-cells and mast cells. Structurally, it is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L, a lysosomal cystein proteinase. Expressed recombinant CTLA-2α is shown to exhibit selective inhibition to cathepsin L and is localized in the uterus during pregnancy where it is implicated in embryo plantation and development. CTLA-2α has also been demonstrated in the maternal side of the placenta in the deciduas basalis, metrial gland and myometrium layers in mouse but its vivo targets in the embryo are yet to be identified. We carried out studies to investigate the specific cell types synthesizing CTLA-2α protein in mouse embryo and examine its cellular localization. Immunofluorescence labeling showed intense localization of CTLA-2α in the cranium, vertebrae of cervical and thoracic region and the sternabrae. In the visceral organs, staining level was strong in the pancreas. Moderate staining was visible within the brain and remnants of the notochord. The rest of the organs including the spleen, small intestine and lungs were delineated by CTLA-2α. These findings suggest that CTLA-2α participates in an important role from the potential commitment of mesenchymal cells lineages to the ossification of axial skeleton early in embryogenesis.Item Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-2 alpha participates in axial skeletogenesis during mouse embryo development(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-05-25) Aligawesa, E.; Luziga, C. D.; Bui, T. N.; Kashoma, I. P.; Yamamoto, Y.Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha (CTLA-2α) has been discovered and expressed in mouse activated T-cells and mast cells. Structurally, it is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L, a lysosomal cystein proteinase. Expressed recombinant CTLA-2α is shown to exhibit selective inhibition to cathepsin L and is localized in the uterus during pregnancy where it is implicated in embryo plantation and development. CTLA-2α has also been demonstrated in the maternal side of the placenta in the deciduas basalis, metrial gland and myometrium layers in mouse but its vivo targets in the embryo are yet to be identified. We carried out studies to investigate the specific cell types synthesizing CTLA-2α protein in mouse embryo and examine its cellular localization. Immunofluorescence labeling showed intense localization of CTLA-2α in the cranium, vertebrae of cervical and thoracic region and the sternabrae. In the visceral organs, staining level was strong in the pancreas. Moderate staining was visible within the brain and remnants of the notochord. The rest of the organs including the spleen, small intestine and lungs were delineated by CTLA-2α. These findings suggest that CTLA-2α participates in an important role from the potential commitment of mesenchymal cells lineages to the ossification of axial skeleton early in embryogenesis.Item The emergence of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms(Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2016-12-29) Kassem, I. K.; Helmy, Y. A.; Kashoma, I. P.; Rajashekara, G.The increasing human population and cognate demands on wholesome and nutritious foods have exerted an indelible impact on modern agricultural practices. In addition, producer and consumer awareness has shaped a modern agricultural stewardship that accounts for affordability without jeopardizing public health, resource conservation, animal health and humane farming ethos. Therefore, now more than ever, there is a need to optimize agricultural production to achieve sustainability and food security and safety. Indeed, this also applies to poultry production, which is continuously evolving in breadth and practice. For example, broiler farming has witnessed a continuous improvement, which is evidenced by producing heavier birds in shorter growth cycles. Specifically, a 1.13 kg chicken was produced in 112 days in 1925 in comparison to 70 days in 1950. As of 2010, production of a 2.27 kg chicken is possible in less than 50 days (Krishnasamy et al., 2015). The expansion in the poultry industry and consumer demand for animal proteins were also evident in a recent Census of Agriculture report that showed that there were 233 770 poultry farms in the United States in 2012. Furthermore, approximately 96.4 billion eggs, 8.69 billion broilers and 233 million turkeys were produced in 2015, and the combined value of production was estimated at $48 billion (United States Department of Agriculture, USDA, 2015).Item The emergence of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms(Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2016-12-29) Kassem, I. I.; Helmy, Y. A.; Kashoma, I. P.; Rajashekara, G.The use of antibiotics in poultry farming has enhanced production via effectively controlling infectious diseases and promoting growth of birds, allowing the industry to cope with the increasing consumer demands and provide safe and affordable products. However, the use of antibiotics results in the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including established animal and human pathogens. The emergence and proliferation of resistant pathogens and the cognate decrease in the efficacy of antibiotic therapy pose a concrete risk to public health and sustainable farming. Consequently, the need to tightly regulate the use of antibiotics in poultry farming has been highlighted as a pre-emptory necessity.Item Foetal wastage and incidence of ovarian disorders in goats slaughtered at Dodoma municipal abattoir, Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Association, 2017-04-01) Kashoma, I. P.; Melkiory, G. U.Livestock husbandry and slaughter have become millenary traditions in every part of the world. In request for meat, numerous viable embryos and foetuses are wasted due to lack of effective pregnancy detection system and thus pregnant animals are not spared in the slaughtering process. In Tanzania, limited data are available on the level of foetal wastage in small ruminants slaughtered daily. This study was carried out to establish the level of foetal wastage and prevalence of ovarian disorders in does slaughtered at Dodoma municipal abattoir for a period of seven days (September 14 – 20, 2015). Foetal age was estimated using Crown Rump Length (CRL) method. Gross ovarian lesions were observed and sampled for histopathology. The total number of goats slaughtered during the study period were 2869 representing 72.3% males and 27.7% females. Up to 412 out of 795 (51.8%) of slaughtered does were pregnant including 34.7% carrying singletons and 17.1% having twins (p < 0.05). Of the recovered foetuses, 60% (n= 247) were males whereas 40% (n=165) were females. Gestation length estimated from CRL ranged from 37 to 103 days (CRL 5-35cm). Majority (80%) of foetuses were in second trimester, 12.8% first trimester and minority (7.2%) being in third trimester. The net economic value (NEV) daily forgone as a result of loss of potential offsprings at Dodoma abattoir was estimated to be between 8,610 and 14,350 US $. The incidence of ovarian disorders was recorded in 9.6% (37/383) of non-pregnant does. Follicular and luteal cysts were seen in 7.8% (n= 30) and 1.8% (n=7), respectively. Most of follicular cysts (65%) occurred as multiples, of which 52.9% (n=16) were on the right ovary and 47.1% (n=14) were on the left ovary. Luteal cysts were observed singly in either of the ovaries. Based on these findings, foetal wastage due to slaughtering of pregnant does is quite alarming at Dodoma municipal abattoir. Effective pregnancy screening before slaughter is recommended to avert the economic loss and human nutrient wastage.Item Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in commercial Turkey Flocks: A longitudinal study(FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE, 2014-11-11) Kashoma, I. P.; Kumar, A.; Sanad, Y. M.; Gebreyes, W.; Kazwala, R. R.; Garabed, R.; Rajashekara, G.Poultry are recognized as a main reservoir of Campylobacter spp. However, longitudinal studies investigating the persistence of Campylobacter on commercial meat turkeys are rare. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and persistence of genotypically related strains of Campylobacter spp. recovered from three commercial turkey farms in Ohio belonging to a single producer. Eight hundred ten samples were collected from birds aged 1 week to slaughter, consisting of 750 fecal droppings and 60 ceca at slaughter. Overall Campylobacter prevalence was 55.9%. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed 72.3% of all isolates as C. coli, 5.3% as C. jejuni, 10.6% as both, and 11.9% as other Campylobacter spp. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flaA gene subtyping detected 70 types—62 for C. coli and 8 for C. jejuni isolates—with most (80%) of flaA-types constituting farm homogeneous groups. Multilocus sequence typing of 99 selected Campylobacter isolates resulted in 23 sequence types (STs), consisting of 8 STs for C. jejuni and 15 STs for C. coli isolates. Six novel STs—four for C. jejuni and two—for C. coli, were detected. In a subset of isolates (n = 98) tested for antimicrobial resistance, the most common resistance was to tetracycline (95%), followed by azithromycin (43%), while 42% and 18% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to florfenicol. C. coli isolates displayed a higher proportion of resistance than C. jejuni to most antimicrobials. This study highlights the high prevalence, genotypic diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in commercial turkey from farm to slaughter.Item Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter from different stages of the chicken meat supply chain in Morogoro, Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-01-12) Kashoma, I. P.; Mkomba, F. D.; Bunyaga, A. S.Poultry are recognized as a main reservoir of Campylobacter spp. However, longitudinal studies investigating the persistence of Campylobacter on broilers and retail chciekn meat in Tanzania are rare. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler farms and retail chicken meat. Eight hundred samples were collected from broilers aged 1 week to slaughter and retail chicken carcasses, consisting of 600 fecal droppings and 200 carcass rinses. The overall Campylobacter prevalence was 43.3% (381/880). The isolation rate of Campylobacter from chicken faeces was 41.5%, from carcasses at the farm was 51.0% and from carcasses from retail stores was 37.5%. Biochemical testing by hippurate hydrolysis identified 72.4% of all isolates as C. jejuni, 20.5% as C. coli, and 7.1% as other Campylobacter spp. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction confirmed 75.1% of all isolates as C. jejuni, 17.8% as C. coli, 4.2% as both, and 2.9% as other Campylobacter spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disk diffusion assay and broth micro-dilution method revealed resistance to: ampicillin (41% and 44%, respectively), ciprofloxacin (56 and 59%), erythromycin (17 and 18%), gentamicin (6% and 12%), streptomycin (20 and 23%), and tetracycline (62 and 63%). Resistance to azithromycin (9%), chloramphenicol (7%) and nalidixic acid (72%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only. Up to 5% and 4% of all isolate tested were pan-susceptible, while, 67% and 40% showed multidrug resistance using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method, respectively. These results reinforce the need of efficient strategy implementation to control and reduce Campylobacter in chickens at production and slaughter levels, and the necessity to reduce the use of antimicrobials in poultry sector.Item Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from cow’s milk, nasal and environmental swabs in selected dairy farms in Morogoro, Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-07-25) Kashoma, I. P.; Lalata, E. P.; Maiga, C. J.; Mtemela, B. O.; Medardus, J. J.Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that is present as a commensal on the skin, the nose and mucous membranes of healthy humans and animals. However, it is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause multiple infectious diseases of diverse severity. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus from samples of cow’s milk, farm environmental and cattle nasal swabs from three dairy farms in Morogoro.A total of 377 samples; raw milk (n = 100), nasal swabs (n=133) and environmental swabs (n = 144) were screened for the presence of S. aureus.California mastitis test (CMT) was used to establish the status of mastitis. Gram staining, oxidase, catalase, DNase, haemolysis and coagulase tests were employed for bacterial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion assay. Out of 200 cows (800 quarters milk) CMT screened for mastitis, (12.5%) quarters from 80 cows tested positive for subclinical mastitis, while twelve (1.5%) quarters from seven (3.5%) cows tested positive for clinical mastitis.Overall, 97 (25.7%) of 377 samples were positive for S. aureus, which were detected in 49.0%, 11.6%, and 40.0% of the milk, environment and nasal samples, respectively.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to: Ampicillin (67.4%), Cefoxitin (14.8%), Erythromycin (21.1%), Gentamycin (3.2%), Oxacillin (37.9%), Tetracycline (55.8%), Trimethoprime-Sulfamethoxazole (29.5%) and Vancomycin(9.5%). 28.4% (n=27) of all isolates were resistant to Oxacillin and/or Cefoxitin, and therefore classified as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). 63%of the MRSA isolates originated from milk, 22.2% from nares and 14.8% from environmental samples. Over a half of all isolates were classified as multidrug resistant;of these 43.2% (n=41), 6.3% (n=6) and 1.1% (n=1) were simultaneously resistant to three, four and five antimicrobial agents, respectively. Taken together, this study revealed the prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in cow’s milk, nares and farm environment. Our findings also confirm the presence of livestock-associated MRSA, and thus underline the importance of applying biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and throughout the food production chain.Item Productive and reproductive performance of Friesian cows at Kitulo livestock multiplication unit, Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-02-12) Kashoma, I. P.; Mwingira, S. M.; Werema, C. W.; Kessy, B. M.Retrospective data were collected to assess reproductive and productive performance of Friesian dairy cows reared at Kitulo Livestock Multiplication Unit, Tanzania. Records of 314 cows within consecutive five productive periods; 2009 - 2014 were analyzed using Statistical Package for SocialScience (SPSS). The overall mean age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), number of services per conception (NSPC), lactation length (LL) and total lactation milk yield (TLMY) were 1151.72±9.63 days, 404.57±1.54 days, 121.82±1.24 days,1.83±0.24, 306.54±5.53 days and 5,042.12±23.73 kg, respectively. CI differed significantly (P < 0.05) as it decreased with increasing parity but did not affect the TLMY. Number of services per conception positively correlated with DO and CI but negatively correlated with parity. Total lactation milk yield was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by parity and lactation length, but TLMY had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the average number of services per conception. It is concluded that reproductive and productive performance of Friesian dairy cows in the present study were low to moderate so it is required to improve management practices at the farm for better reproductive and productive performance.Item Reproductive and productive performance of crossbred dairy cows kept in different production systems in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-08-25) Ngou, A. A.; Kashoma, I. P.Crossbred cows are the main type of cattle used for milk production on smallholder and medium farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro Municipality. A study was undertaken on four medium-scale and forty five smallholder farms to investigate the reproductive and productive performance of crossbred maintained under farmer’s management. Retrospective data on age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), number of service per conception (NSC), lactation length (LL) and total lactation milk yield (TLMY) obtained from 311 cows for lactations (1-6) during seven years (2009-2015) were analyzed. Overall mean of AFC, CI, NSC, DO, LL and TLMY were 30.9 ± 0.8 months, 405±15.4 days, 2.5 ± 0.6 numbers, 119 ± 15.9 days, 333 ± 26.7 days and 4026 ± 1158 liters, respectively. The results of all traits showed variation between the two production systems (medium-scale versus smallholder farms). However, AFC, CI and TLMY parameters only differed among the medium-scale farms. It is concluded that reproductive and productive performance of crossbred cows in the present study were low to moderate so, it is required to improve management practices atall the farms under the study for better reproductive and productive performance.Item Surgical sterilization of the African Giant Pouched Rats(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-08-25) Werema, C. W.; Samson, R.; Ndossi, D. G.; Kashoma, I. P.; Mwakijungu, E.Surgical sterilization of rodents is increasing as a result of increased biomedical research centers which employ rodents. In order for them to perform their duties effectively, the rodents have to be sterile to avoid interference from estrus, pregnancy and lactation. Other reasons include control of breeding, treatment of diseases or conditions such as tumors cysts, pyometra, pyometritis, and endometritis. In this study three surgical procedures were performed to African Giant Pouched Rats; 6 females were ovariectomized, 6 females were ovariohysterectomized, and 6 males were Orchidectomized. All eighteen (18) animals in the study recovered well and have returned to APOPO to continue with the training on smelling and detecting landmines and tuberculosis in human sputum samples without any difficulties. Complications from these surgical procedures are rare but comprise anesthetic overdose, dehydration, hypothermia, pulmonary hypostatic congestion, hemorrhage, eviscerations, wound dehiscence, and infections. However, many of these complications can be prevented by careful physical examination and selection of health animals fit for the intended surgical procedure, as well as adherence to all principles of surgery. This study has demonstrated the three surgical procedures for African Giant pouched rats as being useful to veterinarians in public/private practice and/or in biomedical research facilities.