Browsing by Author "Chingonikaya, E. E."
Now showing 1 - 10 of 10
- Results Per Page
- Sort Options
Item Accountability, rule of law and fairness in constituency development catalyst fund (CDCF) management in Vwawa Constituency, Tanzania(IISTE, 2020-05-31) Mgani, F. L.; Nombo, C. I.; Chingonikaya, E. E.This paper presents findings from a study which set forth to examine the governance of Constituency development Catalyst Fund. It focused on three pillars of governance which are; accountability, rule of law and fairness. The study was conducted in Vwawa constituency, in Mbozi District, Songwe Region in Tanzania. The study data were collected through semi-structure interviews, focus group discussions and (FGDs) and Observation. These were later transcribed and subsequently analyzed. The findings revealed that CDCF implementation was imbued with lack of accountability especially in publishing information of the expenditure of CDCF although villagers had chances to report all cases with fraudulent elements on CDCF and other funds. It was farther found that procurement process followed the required procedures, although in some circumstances it was influenced by either ward or constituency officers. Furthermore, it was found that the CDCF distribution was fair, however, in some cases, influenced by politicians especially the MP. Based on these findings, the study concludes that, the presence of well informed citizens may facilitate them to hold CDCF officers and other stakeholders accountable in any matter concerning the fund. Rules and regulations must be observed. Citizens must involve in decision making about CDCF activities. The practice done by some politicians in influencing the distribution of the funds is jeopardizing fairness in allocation of funds. All villages need the support from CDCF. The study recommends that, it is important to have well informed citizenly who can be able to hold officers and other stake holders accountable. It also recommends that, citizens should participate fully in decision making of CDCF activities. Lastly it recommends that, the distribution of the funds should not be influenced by the politicians.Item Assessment of awareness of mycotoxins infections in stored maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (arachis hypogea L.) in Kilosa District, Tanzania(2016) Magembe, K. S.; Mwatawala, M. W.; Mamiro, D. P.; Chingonikaya, E. E.Background: Surveys were conducted to determine awareness of mould infection in maize and groundnut in Kilosa District, Eastern Central Tanzania, between August and October 2010. Four villages of Msingisi, Rudewa-Batini, Mamoyo and Mkalama were surveyed. We sampled maize from each household for mycotoxins contamination after nine months of storage. A questionnaire was administered to heads of 72 selected households in the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to check factor dimensionality. The differences in mean total score of knowledge and awareness between the demographic and socio-economic factors were determined by t-test. Measurements of association were carried by Chi-square test (χ2), while ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the correlations between social variables and awareness of mould infection. Results: We found high levels of fumonisins in maize that ranged from 70.46 to 213.15. Aflatoxin levels in groundnuts ranged from 72.97 to 195.17. Result showed that 97 % of respondents were not aware of mould infection in stored maize and groundnuts. The mean score of mould infections awareness of females (1.7273±0. 45055) was significantly higher than that of males (1.5714±13.7). Awareness of mould infection was high among educated (mean score 1.9231.3±0.31470) than the less educated people (mean score 1.8913±0.27175). Results revealed significant association between awareness of mould infection with age (p=0.006), education (p=0.039), marital status (p=0.012), gender (0.037) and income (p=0.044). Conclusion: Campaigns are needed to improve awareness of mould infection in Kilosa District, Tanzania.Item Attitudes of Community towards Female Genital Mutilation in Manyoni District, Singida Region, Tanzania(Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 2018-11-11) Salehe, F. S.; Chingonikaya, E. E.The female genital mutilation (FGM) has a series of consequences which most of them lead to discomfort, maternity complications and finally deaths of girls and women. In Tanzania as well as other countries, a number of campaigns have been waged against FGM, but to date the practice still persists. This problem requires critical researches to look for the factors leading to the FGM not to end. Therefore, this study intended to assess the attitudes of people towards the FGM and its social value in order to generate information, which would be useful in conducting more successful campaigns against the practice. The study was conducted in Manyoni District in Singida RegionTanzania from September to October, 2015. A cross-sectional research design was employed. A total of 120 respondents were selected in the three villages namely Aghondi, Kamenyanga and Mkwese. In each village 40 respondents were randomly selected and subjected to a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS computer software programme. From the results it was revealed that the overall attitudes of the respondents were as 66.7% accounted for negative, 20.8% neutral and 12.5% of the respondents had positive attitude towards the FGM. Results further show that majority (79.2%) of respondents mentioned increasing chances for marriage as one of the reasons for undergoing FGM practice, (77.5%) mentioned Lawalawa and (76.7%) mentioned signs for sexual maturity. Generally, many people in the District seemed to have negative attitudes towards the FGM. This therefore, entails that FGM could be eradicated as majority of the people have negative attitude towards the practice.Item Contribution of law enforcement institutions in protecting street children’s rights in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania(Archives of Current Research International, 2019) Chingonikaya, E. E.; Salehe, F. S.Tanzania is one of the countries which have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which means they are committed to protecting the rights of all children. Moreover, over 50% of the population of Tanzania is aged 18 years and under, the need to invest in the development and protection of children becomes more important. There is an increasing number of street children in many cities in Tanzania. The reasons for causing street children are widely known. There are law enforcement institutions for protecting children. However, it is not widely known on the contribution of these institutions in protecting street children rights. The study determined the contribution of law enforcement institutions in protecting Street children's rights. Specific objectives of the research were to examine the roles of law enforcement institutions in protecting children's rights at various levels of the society and determine the community's attitude towards violation of children’s rights. The study was conducted in Temeke and Ilala municipalities in Dar es Salaam city. A crosssectional research design was adopted. A representative sample of 120 street children was used. Both primary and secondary data were collected. A questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and personal observation methods were used to collect the primary data. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows Version 12.0 was used for data analysis. Results of this study revealed that some of the street children's rights for protection were being violated by various law enforcement institutions. From the perspective of communities, many of them regarded the street children as criminals. The study concludes that many street children to get the rights for protection. From the findings, it is recommended that law enforcement institutions should not always use forces due to the notion that street children are criminals.Item Contribution of Local Chicken Production towards improving peoples wellbeing: A case of Peri-Urban Areas of Kinondoni District, Tanzania(Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 2018-02-23) Chingonikaya, E. E.; Salehe, F. S.Several studies have been conducted on characterization of local chicken production systems in some places of Tanzania, yet clear information is limited regarding to its contribution towards improving peoples wellbeing particularly its socio-economic importance in the country. This study therefore accessed the socio- economic importance of local chickens’ production in peri-urban areas of Kinondoni District, Dar es salaam-Tanzania. A cross sectional research design was employed. The study was conducted in peri-urban areas of Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam Region involving three peripheral wards namely: Kibamba, Kwembe and Mabwepande, between September and October 2014. Both purposive and random sampling was used. Purposive sampling was used in selecting six streets from which local chickens were kept and random sampling was used in selecting 90 local chicken keepers (15 local chicken keepers per street) from the list provided by livestock extension officer. Data were collected using a household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and Key Informant interview (KI) methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using respective methods of data analysis (SPSS).The study findings found that, the local chicken contributes to peri-urban household’s wellbeing as 92.2% of all the respondents spent some amounts of local chicken earnings to buy food. This shows that local chicken keeping contributes to improving food security at the households of the local chicken keepers.Some households used local chicken for gift giving, rituals and detection of time. Education level, initial capital, experience of local chicken keeping, rearing systems, accessibility to extension services and constraints were significantly influencing production of the local chicken (p<0.05). The researchers conclude that local chicken production improves socio-economies of peri-urban households of Kinondoni District. The study recommends that various stakeholders including the local governments should put more emphasis on promoting local chicken production as it contributes to the smallholder household’s socio-economiesItem Farmers resilience to climate change in Meatu and Iramba District, Tanzania(International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 2017-06) Nyangas, J. A.; Chingonikaya, E. E.This paper analyzed household resilience due to climate change in Iramba and Meatu districts. A cross- sectional design was used. Data were collected from 183 households in three villages, two from Meatu and one from Iramba district. The quantitative data were coded on SPSS. Inter-district analysis of the resilience index indicated that there was no significant difference of household resilience on the districts. The study shows that most of households have low to moderate resilience. The resilience of farmers is significantly im- pacted by their sex, education, type of occupation and household income. Resilience significantly increases with increase in the annual income which acts as safety net to absorb shocks as well as increase resources and inputs availability. The study concludes that resilience of the farmers in the study area is low; and educa- tion and household income of a local community on climate change are the most determinants of household resilience. Thus, the study recommends improving ability of the household to absorb shocks by increasing their adaptation capacity, such as constructing irrigation infrastructures and creating opportunities for diver- sification of income source from non-farm income.Item Household’s vulnerability to climate change among farmers in Meatu and Iramba districts, Tanzania(Medwell Journals, 2017) Nyangas, J. A.; Chingonikaya, E. E.Understanding how the fanning households are affected by climate change is important in formulating policies to strengthen household's adaptive capacity which are instrumental in poverty reduction and increasing food security. This manuscript analysed fanning household's vulnerability to climate change in Iramba and Meatu districts. A cross sectional design was used whereby data were collected from 183 randomly selected households from 3 villages, 2 from Meatu District and one from Iramba District. Data analysis was based on indices constructed from selected indicators for exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The indicators were weighted using principal component analysis. Inter-district analysis of the vulnerability index shows that there was no significant difference in household vulnerability on based districts. However, on exposure, the results shows that Iramba was highly significant (p = 0.001) compared to Meatu. Generally, occurrence of drought contributed positively to the household's vulnerability due to the impact of climate change. According to the absolute value of the weights, occurrence of natural disaster such as drought contributes more to the exposure index compared to other indicators. Based on the results it can be concluded that, vulnerability of the framing households in the study area is low. Involvement of the household on non-farm income generating activities and unreliable rainfall were the most important determinants of a household's vulnerability. In addition, the impact of climate change on the study areas included the loss of lives, decline of both animal and crop production and loss of household properties such as damage to houses. Therefore, it is recommended that to improve the capacity of fanning households there is need to improve adaptive indicators such as improving the irrigation facilities in the local area. Similarly, creating opportunities for non-farm income to reduce the extensive dependence of the community on natural resource based livelihoods.Item Perceived and measured climate variability and change in semi-arid environments in Tanzania: experiences from Iramba and Meatu Districts(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., 2017) Kabote, S. J.; Mamiro, D. P.; Synnevåg, G.; Urassa, J. K.; Mattee, A. Z.; Mbwambo, J. S.; Nombo, C. I.; Chingonikaya, E. E.; Masolwa, L.This paper combines farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and change and meteorological data trends to generate empirical evidence to broaden an understanding of the phenomena. The results show an agreement on changing rainfall patterns. Bad years described by drought frequencies, temperature, and dry spell have increased since the 1970s. Crop growing period has decreased by one month in Meatu and by more than a month in Iramba. As hypothesised, the Mann-Whitney U test shows similar men and women’s perceptions at 5% level of significance (P value = 0.701). Similarly, the Kruskal-Wallis H test indicates that the poor, not so poor and the rich have the same perceptions (P value = 0.281). These results have implications on crop and livestock production systems and on livelihoods more generally. We conclude that climate variability and change manifestations overlap, making it a complex phenomena perceived equally by men, women, the poor and non-poor. This is understood holistically by combining farmers’ perceptions and meteorological data trends to inform adaptation strategies related decision makingItem Perceptions on resilience to climate change variability among farmers in Meatu and Iramba districts, Tanzania(IOSR, 2016-11) Nyangas, J. A.; Chingonikaya, E. E.; Urassa, J. K; Mbwambo, J. S.Though knowledge on climate change has increased over time, previous studies showed that knowledge on farmers’ perception on resilience to climate change and its variability was lacking. This study examined farmers’ perceptions on resilience to climate change and its variability in Meatu and Iramba districts, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was used whereby, information was collected from 183 randomly selected households using a questionnaire. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse quantitative data. In addition qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis. Over 73% of household heads perceived to be highly resilient. Among the socio-economic factors for perceived household resilience, household head’s income levels (χ²=30.16; df=6; p=0.000), marital status (χ²=27.78; df=2; p=0.000) and land ownership (p=0.000) were statistically significant. Based on the results it can be concluded that most important socio-economic factors of perceived household resilience were, income levels, marital status and land ownership of the household heads. This study therefore, recommended that there is need for provision of training which would enable household members to engage on various non-farm economic activities, provision of access to agricultural extension to the households.Item Survival, growth and wood density of Pinus Kesiya provenances at Buhindi, Mwanza, Tanzania(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1999) Chamshama, S. A. O.; Chingonikaya, E. E.; Iddi, S.; Mugasha, A. G.; Nshubemukiand, L.; Malimbwi, R. E.he objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of 13 Pinus hesiya provenances at Buhindi, Mwanza, Tanzania. Periodic data were collected on survival, breast height diameter and height. A final assessment was carried out at 18.3 y for survival, breast height diameter, height, stem form and basic density. Except for wood basic density, all other variables differed significantly (p<0.05) between provenances. The following provenances with satisfactory performance are recommended for small-scale planting at Buhindi: Benguet Kabayan and Zambales